For more information check out Carpinfo.org

More about CARP:

Citizens Against Racial Profiling Inc was created on the belief that it’s clients needs are of the utmost importance. Our entire team is committed to meeting those needs. As a result, a high percentage of our business is from repeat clients and referrals.

We would welcome the opportunity to earn your trust and deliver you the best service in the industry. Citizens Against Racial Profiling Inc. (C.A.R.P.) is a non-profit organization that was founded in 2008 by Duval County resident Dominick Davis, President and CEO.

C.A.R.P. offers information, arbitration, investigation, and case specific assistance to citizens of Duval, Baker, Clay, Nassau, St. Johns, Putnam, and Bradford counties. C.A.R.P. also provides assistance to State and Federal prisoners concerning Civil Rights Violations. We do not handle any criminal cases. C.A.R.P. is a ground roots community organization interested in partnering with diverse segment of our communities to improve the quality of life of all.

Short-Term Goals:
1. Establish a rapport with law enforcement, social, and civic leaders to address issues of Racial Profiling and Civil Rights Violations by police and commercial with representation and input.
a. Formation of independent civilian review board.
b. Establish direct access with law enforcement liaison in all member counties.
c. Introduce C.A.R.P. concept and recruit representatives in each county of service regional
2. Generate funding to cover administrative, logistical, and operational expenses.
3. Educate public on issues of racial profiling and civil rights violations through media, press releases, networking, and seminars.
4. Coalesce with local religious, social, and civil rights organizations.
5. Recruit community membership (outlines services, discounts & benefits offered.)

Long-Term Goals
1. Retain pro bono and/or reduced fees legal representation for =victims (clients) of racial profiling and civil rights violations.
2. Recruit corporate partners for sponsorship and business networking
3. Lobby political representatives for legislative support of C.A.R.P.’s community agenda.
4. Establish periodic “major” fund raising events.

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Criminal investigation has a long history, both formally and informally. As long as there has been gossip, there have been people who have investigated whatever allegations a cave person might have against another cave person: that guy stole my mastodon bone! Eavesdropping is as old as spoken language and it is probable that since the dawn of time some folks hid in the bushes to keep an eye on what other folks were doing. On a more formal level, investigative services arose as an alternative to policing, which did not make official law enforcement very happy at first.

In fact, the first private detective, Eugène François Vidocq, was arrested for his work. He got out on appeal. Sherlock Holmes, as a character, was created while private detective work, as a profession, was rising in popularity. Holmes’s main strategy for solving a crime was a powerful sense of logic; he could look at a series of clues and figure out a chain of events from that. Real detective work, though, competed with police work and thus developed technologies that are familiar to anyone who watches crime shows on television: ballistics, plaster shoe tracks, and even bond paper that was more difficult to be forged. All of these were created by Vidocq. Private businesses began noticing the advantage of hiring a private investigation agency. If law enforcement couldn’t catch Jesse James and his gang, then maybe the Pinkertons could.

Even today, companies hire private eyes to keep employees from stealing secrets and selling them to competitors. Preventing loss via shoplifting has become a major part of the investigative services industry currently. While police officers are legally in charge of investigating a crime scene, even Sherlock Holmes did not rely simply on the word of others about the clues. He observed the crime scene himself. Private investigators look at clues from crime scenes, especially if there might be a civil court case connected to the crime or when citizens feel a crime should be investigated more thoroughly than the police can do in a given case.

A person who is accused of a crime may hire a private detective to find evidence of someone else’s guilt. There is an art to reading the clues at a crime scene—of knowing what is a real clue and what might have been staged, being able to figure out how marks such as blood splatters or tire tracks might have been made, being able to spot the tiniest detail that is out of place and potentially a great source of information.

There is also an art to questioning people, to see the little flick of the eye that might indicate prevarication, to keep track of details to see if there is consistency across all witnesses. The need for the power of observation has not changed since the days of Sherlock Holmes. What has changed, and this is what would be very different for old Sherlock, is technology. The World Wide Web has added a new moniker to the old PI—“web detective.” The web provides a vast array of information that can assist a private eye in an investigation. For example, one can find property records, business filings, court records, property tax records, not to mention what people put on the web about themselves in social networking sites.

Instead of having to go to the county court house for dusty records in obscure boxes or run through miles of microfilm in a library, this information is a search and a few clicks away. Information searches these days are a lot more detailed than they used to be and they take far less time.

Forensic computing and forensic accounting have arisen as specialties in private investigation agencies as a result of technology. While embezzlement has taken place for as long as there has been any form of exchange of goods or money between human beings, modern embezzlement has become complex with the electronic network of banks and business. Embezzlers, of course, do their best to wipe their hard disks of evidence, but a good private eye with some hacking skills can find the smoking gun, even if it is in binary.

Computers have escalated the crime of identity theft, which has become as every day as the common cold. Here is where a private detective can really help a victim to figure out who is stealing the information and to track the chain of crimes that have been committed. Private eyes can also follow the money and help to break up crime rings that make use of false identities. Another change that would shock Sherlock is the global nature of business and relationships and therefore detective agency work. Drugs, money, goods, even people are smuggled from here to there, to avoid some law or other. Federal agents at the border can only do so much. Private detectives even work for environmental non-profit organizations to prevent the smuggling of endangered species across various national borders.

The material items a detective is working with have changed drastically since the time of Sherlock Holmes. We can do DNA tests, fingerprint identification, and use technology in so many other ways to figure out who is doing what to whom—to find and examine evidence. We can watch people with infrared heat sensing devices or even look up a picture of their neighborhood on a satellite.

The people haven’t changed. They are still cheating on each other, still tucking merchandise in their coats, still pocketing the cash, still faking the books, still running off with the kids in a custody battle, still bootlegging or selling drugs, still killing, still forging money and other documents, still trying to get you to wire them $300 so you can get the inheritance from Nigeria. And all the people affected by these activities still require the services of a private detective agency. What also has not changed about being a private detective is what Sherlock and our modern PI’s share: an ability to find the pieces and put puzzles together. This requires stick-to-itiveness and creativity. People who want to hide their activities have the motivation to explore new ways of doing so.

Investigative services continue to advance the technology of finding information in ways that Sherlock Holmes could not have predicted (although his brother Mycroft would have been a phenomenal hacker), but would nevertheless have approved.

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Criminal profiling is widely used to investigate and locate criminals and serial killers. Profiling a criminal and the process of has positive and negative impacts on society.

Criminal Profiling has been a long used tool by law enforcement. Unfortunately, it is a tool that doesn’t work in day to day law enforcement officer work. Criminal profiling is different than an individual profile that may used by investigators to find the perpetrators in a case, such as a murder, but the criminal profiling that is done by some officers is trying to fit an individual into a classification to prevent crimes.

One example of profiling which has recently been in the news is the profiling of individuals who looked as if they were of Middle-Eastern descent. If you have dark brown to black hair, dark brown eyes, and a dark complexion, you were automatically assumed to be of Middle-Eastern descent. This could mean you would be thought to be a person who would be more likely to perform a terrorist act.

Unfortunately, this profiling method does not work. There are many ethnicities that fall under this profile that are NOT of Middle-Eastern descent such as Italian, Spanish, South or Central American, Indian, or South Asian. Many were detained from airplanes and other public places, only to be released due to misinformation from the criminal profiling.

Another profile that was long used was that if a person was a young, black male, who lived in a poor neighborhood, than that person must be a gang member or have knowledge of gang crimes. Though there are some instances that are true when following this profile, a majority of the cases it are very wrong assumptions, wasting time, money, and resources using this misused profile process.

Criminal profiling does not have any benefits except to make one more cautious, which is something the law enforcement officer should be doing anyway. Each person that is dealt with by the officer has unique and uncommon history. Each situation is unique and uncommon and holds unique dangers and these aspects should be the motivators in creating a cautious yet effective police force. Good investigative technique does not require criminal profiling when used properly.

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Summary: Discuss social conflict theory, next generation effect, racial discrimination, racial profiling, and disproportionate effect on the criminal racial statistics in regards to the United States African American population.

Below we will discuss topics like social conflict theory, next generation effect, racial discrimination, racial profiling, and disproportionate effect on the criminal racial statistics in regards to the United States African American population.

Currently African Americans represent around 13% of the population of the United States. Yet, they represent over 30% of the criminal population. Over the years, many sociologists have proposed various reasons for this disparity, including racism. Racism or racial discrimination is “discrimination or prejudice based on race”. Modern day racism can take many forms, including racial profiling.

Racial Profiling is “any police or private security practice in which a person is treated as a suspect because of his or her race, ethnicity, nationality, or religion. It is important to note that personality profiling and FBI profiling are very different types of profiling techniques and to not involve race. In a recent study racial profiling statistics done by New York Civil Liberties Union, analysts looked at the stop-and-frisk activity between January 2006 and September 2007. Out of 867,617 stops, police stopped 94,530 whites and 453,042 blacks, even though the whites outnumber blacks in New York City; overall, 21.1% of the black population was stopped, while only 2.6% of the white population was stopped. Motorists have given this police racial profiling a name—“driving while black (or brown),” or DWB.

Whenever a larger percentage of a minority population segment is targeted, then that segment of society will have proportionately higher chances of being caught when criminal activity does occur. For example, if ten percent of each race commits crimes, but if a minority is targeted for increased police scrutiny, then more of the minority population would be captured committing a criminal act.

Additionally, there are other factors which could factor into the larger-than-expected African American criminal population. Inner city and other poor areas are often targeted by police. These areas tend to be over-crowded, with drug deals occurring on street corners. While drug dealing can not be linked primarily to one community, it is easier to spot drug deals happening outside. So while drug deals might take place inside suburban homes, those crimes tend to be better hidden. Because these low-income communities are often home for minorities, this can cause a disproportionate effect on the criminal racial statistics.

Additionally, the type of drug found by police can affect the jail sentence. Crack cocaine, a type more commonly found in lower income areas, only requires possession of 5 grams in order to receive a 5 year prison sentence. However, possession of 500 grams of powered cocaine is required to receive the same prison sentence. This policy often causes unfair sentencing for those in lower-income areas.

Another reason as to why more African Americans are more likely to be convicted is due to a lack of money or access to legal resources. Caucasian offenders often can afford better lawyers, seek expert testimonies when needed, or even pay for their own treatment programs. This can give them an advantage in the legal system over poorer defendants.

Under the “social conflict theory,” the disparity of income levels in a capitalist society can foster criminal behavior. In this theory, punishment reflects the values of the “segment of society that has achieves power and is willing to use the criminal justice system as a tool to keep that power”. So some crimes, such as burglary, are punished more severely than other so-called white collar crimes, such as embezzlement. For property offenses, “minorities were considerably more likely to receive jail terms”.

Another factor is the next generation effect. Once a family loses a parent due to incarceration, then the children are more likely to feel a loss of social status and shame. The family loses financial support, often resulting in moving into less desirable neighborhoods. Without a support system of family and neighbors in place, often the children then become the next generation of criminals.

In many states, a criminal record also results in the loss of voting privileges. It is estimated that 1 in 4 African Americans have lost their right to vote. This reduces the overall political stance of African Americans, as well as the ability to influence politicians who create the laws for sentencing guidelines.

Overall, the overrepresentation of African Americans in our legal system is due to many factors which include—but are not limited to—law enforcement policies and racial profiling, judicial sentencing, family and social stability, and economic status.

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Criminal Profiling: Criminal profiling is rampant in our modern age. Some would argue that in a nation of 300 million potential criminals, Criminal profilers are a must to narrow down the list of suspects for any given crime is a godsend. The police do not have time to pursue every possible lead with empirical evidence, and must at times rely on common profiles of criminals know as a criminal profile. The definition of criminal profiling is a behavioral and investigative tool that helps investigators to profile an unknown subjects or offenders. This is a phenomenon of generalization, which we will discuss later.

With the popularity and benefit of criminal profiling has produced more profiling jobs, criminal profiling TV shows, profiler movies, criminal profiling education, degrees, literature, and profiling books. There are many individuals who want to become actual criminal profilers with the intent to help society by seeking careers in criminal profiling. Other related topics surrounding criminal profiling is criminal research, criminal analysis, criminal forensic, criminal psychology, criminal justice and criminal law enforcement. It is also common to see well known profilers to be called to court by high profile criminal attorneys to speak against the witness and to help nabbing the worst serial killers to date.

Back to generalization. This term is a common cognitive process that is for the most part quite useful. If a child had to discover that every object with laces and a general shoe like shape was a shoe, it would take quite a lot of time to go through each object individually, instead the mind takes and generalizes. The brain looks for certain shoe like traits and generalizes them to a large category of objects in the world. This allows us to talk about “shoes” as a category rather than a collection of completely discrete objects. Generalization practices are not only use in criminal profiling, but also widely used in statistics profiling, DNA profiling, police profiling, psychological profiling, career profiling, customer profiling, FBI profiling and more.

When it comes to criminal offenders, there are a number of different categorical markers that can lead investigators to their potential suspects more easily for a criminal investigation. These markers take the form of various characteristics that through empirical analysis are found to be common in a significant percent of the people that commit a given crime. Crime scenes are also studied and relate to the criminal profile.

For example, most serial murderers are white males. This information was gathered through careful criminal analysis of data. Looking further at the group of serial murderers, one will find a prevalent love of military history and paraphernalia, particularly relating to various fascist regimes. This comes down to a fascination with weapons in general. Beyond that, it is common for serial murderers to be single, and to have trouble relating to others. These varying markers help police to narrow down searches.

They can of course have their disadvantages. If the police too narrowly focus on the markers of the criminals profile they have in mind, they could easily miss many potential suspects. One common, negative outcome of profiling is the term everyone knows racial profiling. There are many criminal stories with ridiculous instances where n incorrect racial profile was used. It is also important to note, a profile does not hold up as evidence that any person committed a crime. It’s weak, and provides no physical proof of what happened. The other, potentially more salient worry about criminal profiling is the potential for discriminatory practices. This criminal profiling method can turn an innocent person into a profiling victim.

Suppose white males who are obsessed with weapons commit most gun crime. In that situation, does it also follow that all white males who are obsessed with weapons will commit gun crime? No, of course not, there are millions of gun-obsessed Caucasians who would never consider hurting another person. In many real life instances, these criminal profiles can lead to discriminatory practices. For instance, discrimination occurs on a bias of race, class, religion, even ethnic origin. People of Middle Eastern descent are far more likely to be searched at an airport screening, because of famous instances of middle-easterners committing heinous acts involving planes. Also, a huge percentage of young black men are involved in the prison system as a result of racial profiling leading to disproportionate prosecution.

Criminal profiling is a very clever, very human thing to do. It is important to keep in mind, the profile of a criminal mind as any mind is quite complex. A caution for criminal profiling is it is only an application and should be used as such along with other methods. Generalization can help or hinder us, so criminal profiling must be kept in check.

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